Student Pilot
FAR's
Subpart C--Student Pilots
Sec. 61.81 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the
issuance of student pilot certificates, the conditions
under which those certificates are necessary, and the
general operating rules and limitations for the holders
of those certificates.
Sec.
61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an
applicant must:
(a) Be at least 16 years of age
for other than the operation of a glider or balloon.
(b) Be at least 14 years of age
for the operation of a glider or balloon.
(c) Be able to read, speak, write,
and understand the English language. If the applicant
is unable to meet one of these requirements due to
medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such
operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate
as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Sec. 61.85 Application.
An application for a student pilot certificate is
made on a form and in a manner provided by the Administrator
and is submitted to:
(a) A designated aviation medical
examiner if applying for an FAA medical certificate
under part 67 of this chapter;
(b) An examiner; or
(c) A Flight Standards District
Office.
Sec. 61.87 Solo
requirements for student pilots.
(a) General. A student
pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless
that student has met the requirements of this section.
The term "solo flight" as used in this subpart
means that flight time during which a student pilot
is the sole occupant of the aircraft or that flight
time during which the student performs the duties of
a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring
more than one pilot flight crewmember.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A
student pilot must demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical
knowledge on a knowledge test that meets the requirements
of this paragraph:
(1) The test must address the student pilot's
knowledge of--
(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91
of this chapter;
(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the
airport where the solo flight will be performed; and
(iii) Flight characteristics and operational
limitations for the make and model of aircraft to be
flown.
(2) The student's authorized instructor must--
(i) Administer the test; and
(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review
all incorrect answers with the student before authorizing
that student to conduct a solo flight.
(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior
to conducting a solo flight, a student pilot must have:
(1) Received and logged flight training for
the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are
appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be
flown; and
(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and
safety, as judged by an authorized instructor, on the
maneuvers and procedures required by this section in
the make and model of aircraft or similar make and
model of aircraft to be flown.
(d) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a single-engine airplane.
A student pilot who is receiving training for a single-engine
airplane rating must receive and log flight training
for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using
high and low drag configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise
to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes
and power combinations with recovery initiated at the
first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full
stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated
engine malfunctions;
(14) Slips to a landing; and
(15) Go-arounds.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a multiengine airplane. A
student pilot who is receiving training for a multiengine
airplane rating must receive and log flight training
for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using
high and low drag configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise
to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes
and power combinations with recovery initiated at the
first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full
stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated
engine malfunctions; and
(14) Go-arounds.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a helicopter. A
student pilot who is receiving training for a helicopter
rating must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) Hovering and hovering turns;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including
autorotational descents with a power recovery and power
recovery to a hover;
(16) Rapid decelerations; and
(17) Simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches
and landings for multiengine helicopters.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a gyroplane. A
student pilot who is receiving training for a gyroplane
rating must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) High rates of descent with power on and
with simulated power off, and recovery from those flight
configurations;
(14) Go-arounds; and
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including
simulated power-off landings and simulated power failure
during departures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a powered-lift.
A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered-lift
rating must receive and log flight training in the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise
to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes
and power combinations with recovery initiated at the
first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full
stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing with simulated
engine malfunctions;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Approaches to the landing area;
(16) Hovering and hovering turns; and
(17) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated
one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a glider. A student
pilot who is receiving training for a glider rating
must receive and log flight training for the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning, preparation, aircraft systems,
and, if appropriate, powerplant operations;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups, if applicable;
(3) Launches, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions, if applicable
(5) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
procedures;
(6) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(7) Descents with and without turns using high
and low drag configurations;
(8) Flight at various airspeeds;
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(10) Ground reference maneuvers, if applicable
(11) Inspection of towline rigging and review
of signals and release procedures, if applicable
(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-launch procedures;
(13) Procedures for disassembly and assembly
of the glider;
(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;
(15) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
(16) Landings, including normal and crosswind;
(17) Slips to a landing;
(18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling;
and
(19) Emergency operations, including towline
break procedures.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in an airship. A
student pilot who is receiving training for an airship
rating must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation,
and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including
runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal
and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in
both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry
and departure procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance,
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise
to slow flight;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Rigging, ballasting, and controlling pressure
in the ballonets, and superheating; and
(13) Landings with positive and with negative
static trim.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures
for pre-solo flight training in a balloon. A
student pilot who is receiving training in a balloon
must receive and log flight training for the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Layout and assembly procedures;
(2) Proper flight preparation procedures, including
preflight planning and preparation, and aircraft systems;
(3) Ascents and descents;
(4) Landing and recovery procedures;
(5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast,
valves, vents, and rip panels, as appropriate;
(7) Use of deflation valves or rip panels for
simulating an emergency;
(8) The effects of wind on climb and approach
angles; and
(9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
(l) Limitations on student
pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight.
A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo
flight unless that student pilot has received:
(1) An endorsement from an authorized instructor
on his or her student pilot certificate for the specific
make and model aircraft to be flown; and
(2) An endorsement in the student's logbook
for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown
by an authorized instructor, who gave the training
within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight.
(m) Limitations on student
pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight at night.
A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo
flight at night unless that student pilot has received:
(1) Flight training at night on night flying
procedures that includes takeoffs, approaches, landings,
and go-arounds at night at the airport where the solo
flight will be conducted;
(2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity
of the airport where the solo flight will be conducted;
and
(3) An endorsement in the student's logbook
for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown
for night solo flight by an authorized instructor who
gave the training within the 90-day period preceding
the date of the flight.
(n) Limitations on flight instructors
authorizing solo flight.
(1) No instructor may authorize a student pilot
to perform a solo flight unless that instructor has--
(i) Given that student pilot training in the
make and model of aircraft or a similar make and model
of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be flown;
(ii) Determined the student pilot is proficient
in the maneuvers and procedures prescribed in this
section;
(iii) Determined the student pilot is proficient
in the make and model of aircraft to be flown;
(iv) Ensured that the student pilot's certificate
has been endorsed by an instructor authorized to provide
flight training for the specific make and model aircraft
to be flown; and
(v) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for
the specific make and model aircraft to be flown, and
that endorsement remains current for solo flight privileges,
provided an authorized instructor updates the student's
logbook every 90 days thereafter.
(2) The flight training required by this section
must be given by an instructor authorized to provide
flight training who is appropriately rated and current.
[Amdt. 61-102, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103,
62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104,
63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec.
61.89 General limitations.
(a) A student pilot may not
act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
(1) That is carrying a passenger;
(2) That is carrying property for compensation
or hire;
(3) For compensation or hire;
(4) In furtherance of a business;
(5) On an international flight, except that
a student pilot may make solo training flights from
Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse,
Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British
Columbia;
(6) With a flight or surface visibility of
less than 3 statute miles during daylight hours or
5 statute miles at night;
(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual
reference to the surface; or
(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations
placed in the pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor.
(b) A student pilot may not
act as a required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft
for which more than one pilot is required by the type
certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which
the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight
training from an authorized instructor on board an
airship, and no person other than a required flight
crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
Sec. 61.91 [Reserved]
Sec.
61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.
(a) General. (1) Except
as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student
pilot must meet the requirements of this section before--
(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight,
or any flight greater than 25 nautical miles from the
airport from where the flight originated.
(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any
location other than the airport of origination.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of
this section, a student pilot who seeks solo cross-country
flight privileges must:
(i) Have received flight training from an instructor
authorized to provide flight training on the maneuvers
and procedures of this section that are appropriate
to the make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country
privileges are sought;
(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency
on the appropriate maneuvers and procedures of this
section to an authorized instructor;
(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the
pre-solo flight maneuvers and procedures required by
Sec. 61.87 of this part in the make and model of aircraft
or similar make and model of aircraft for which solo
cross-country privileges are sought; and
(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the
authorized instructor's endorsement that are required
by paragraph (c) of this section.
(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country
flight privileges must have received ground and flight
training from an authorized instructor on the cross-country
maneuvers and procedures listed in this section that
are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.
(b) Authorization to perform
certain solo flights and cross-country flights.
A student pilot must obtain an endorsement from an
authorized instructor to make solo flights from the
airport where the student pilot normally receives
training to another location. A student pilot who
receives this endorsement must comply with the requirements
of this paragraph.
(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport
that is within 25 nautical miles from the airport where
the student pilot normally receives training, provided--
(i) An authorized instructor has given the
student pilot flight training at the other airport,
and that training includes flight in both directions
over the route, entering and exiting the traffic pattern,
and takeoffs and landings at the other airport;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the
training endorses the student pilot's logbook authorizing
the flight;
(iii) The student pilot has current solo flight
endorsements in accordance with Sec. 61.87 of this
part;
(iv) The authorized instructor has determined
that the student pilot is proficient to make the flight;
and
(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice
takeoffs and landings at that other airport.
(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights
may be made to another airport that is within 50 nautical
miles of the airport from which the flight originated,
provided--
(i) The authorized instructor has given the
student flight training in both directions over the
route, including entering and exiting the traffic patterns,
takeoffs, and landings at the airports to be used;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the
training has endorsed the student's logbook certifying
that the student is proficient to make such flights;
(iii) The student has current solo flight endorsements
in accordance with Sec. 61.87 of this part; and
(iv) The student has current solo cross-country
flight endorsements in accordance with paragraph (c)
of this section; however, for repeated solo cross-country
flights to another airport within 50 nautical miles
from which the flight originated, separate endorsements
are not required to be made for each flight.
(c) Endorsements for solo
cross-country flights. Except as specified in
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot
must have the endorsements prescribed in this paragraph
for each cross-country flight:
(1) Student pilot certificate endorsement.
A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement
from the authorized instructor who conducted the training,
and that endorsement must be placed on that person's
student pilot certificate for the specific category
of aircraft to be flown.
(2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student pilot
must have a solo cross-country endorsement from an
authorized instructor that is placed in the student
pilot's logbook for the specific make and model of
aircraft to be flown.
(ii) For each cross-country flight, the authorized
instructor who reviews the cross-country planning must
make an endorsement in the person's logbook after reviewing
that person's cross-country planning, as specified
in paragraph (d) of this section. The endorsement must--
(A) Specify the make and model of aircraft
to be flown;
(B) State that the student's preflight planning
and preparation is correct and that the student is
prepared to make the flight safely under the known
conditions; and
(C) State that any limitations required by
the student's authorized instructor are met.
(d) Limitations on authorized
instructors to permit solo cross-country flights.
An authorized instructor may not permit a student
pilot to conduct a solo cross-country flight unless
that instructor has:
(1) Determined that the student's cross-country
planning is correct for the flight;
(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather
conditions and has determined that the flight can be
completed under VFR;
(3) Determined that the student is proficient
to conduct the flight safely;
(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate
solo cross-country endorsement for the make and model
of aircraft to be flown; and
(5) Determined that the student's solo flight
endorsement is current for the make and model aircraft
to be flown.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a single-engine
airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training
for cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane
must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures,
including short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs,
approaches, and landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference
to flight instruments, including straight and level
flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids,
and ATC directives.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a multiengine
airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training
for cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane
must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures,
including short-field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs,
approaches, and landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference
to flight instruments, including straight and level
flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids,
and ATC directives.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a helicopter. A
student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a helicopter must receive and log flight
training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications; and
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a gyroplane. A
student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a gyroplane must receive and log flight
training in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications; and
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures,
including short-field and soft-field takeoffs, approaches,
and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a powered-lift. A
student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight training in a powered-lift must receive and
log flight training in the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures
that include high-altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs,
approaches, and landings; and
(11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference
to flight instruments, including straight and level
flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids,
and ATC directives.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in a glider. A
student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a glider must receive and log flight training
in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Landings accomplished without the use of
the altimeter from at least 2,000 feet above the surface;
and
(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
favorable for cross-country soaring, ascending and
descending flight, and altitude control.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures
for cross-country flight training in an airship. A
student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in an airship must receive and log flight
training for the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a
magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining
to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts, including recognition
of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include
area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic
pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for
collision avoidance, wake turbulence precautions, and
windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational
restrictions of hazardous terrain features in the geographical
area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments
and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown,
including recognition and use of the proper operational
procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way
communications;
(10) Control of air pressure with regard to
ascending and descending flight and altitude control;
(11) Control of the airship solely by reference
to flight instruments; and
(12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions
conducive for the direction of cross-country flight.
[Amdt. 61-102, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103,
62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.95
Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located
within Class B airspace.
(a) A student pilot may not
operate an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B airspace
unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground
and flight training from an authorized instructor on
that Class B airspace area, and the flight training
was received in the specific Class B airspace area
for which solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been
endorsed by the authorized instructor who gave the
student pilot flight training, and the endorsement
is dated within the 90-day period preceding the date
of the flight in that Class B airspace area; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that
the student pilot has received the required ground
and flight training, and has been found proficient
to conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace
area.
(b) A student pilot may not
operate an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or at
an airport located within Class B airspace pursuant
to Sec. 91.131(b) of this chapter unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground
and flight training from an instructor authorized to
provide training to operate at that airport, and the
flight and ground training has been received at the
specific airport for which the solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been
endorsed by an authorized instructor who gave the student
pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated
within the 90-day period preceding the date of the
flight at that airport; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that
the student pilot has received the required ground
and flight training, and has been found proficient
to conduct solo flight operations at that specific
airport.
[Amdt. 61-102, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103,
62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
End of FAR
Part 61C
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Student Pilot
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